To what extent do ISTJs question the validity of rules vs. follow the rules just to maintain peace?
Trivial rules, like how to arrange something, it kind of depends. If I feel a trivial rule is making life harder than it should be and something else would work better, then I definitely do agitate to get it changed. I do not like being too pinned down by someone else's version of efficiency (and I try to remember that and not give other people too many frivolous rules). If it's not really onerous then I'll follow it with no problem - it's pretty easy for me to remember lots of little guidelines/rules, too.
If it's not a trivial "put your folder here whenever you put it down," rule then I will probably follow it until I decide it's not ideal, at which point I spend a lot of time thinking about it and come up with an alternative that I think would be better and see if I can get it changed to that. I am not usually trying to get rid of rules altogether, I just want some input.
What was adolescence like for you? Did you have a rebellious period, and what was it like?
Not much rebellion at all - I got most of it out of my system as a young kid. As far as fighting with my parents, see above re: trivial rules. I really only argued much with one of my parents and usually in a restrained manner - we had differing ideas on a lot of things and their "proper procedure." I'm afraid it was never a dramatic, door slamming, foot stomping, type of thing with me. I never even drank or stayed out too late, too busy on other things, like all my ambitions. *Cue "taking over world" emoticon here.*

What is your opinion of people with qualifications such as Doctorate or Masters degrees? Do they automatically gain your respect?
Somewhat. It depends on what the degree is in. M.D.s and "hard science" degrees will always get a certain amount of respect and I tend to want to ask a bunch of questions about their field of study. It's interesting to pick people's brains... If it's in a more soft area of science, I waver between thinking "wow, to get an advanced degree takes a ton of work no matter what," and "do they have any common sense about normal life?" Sorry, I know that might step on toes but that is what my reaction tends to be. Anyway, respect given because of a degree doesn't translate to me automatically wanting to take their advice, if that is what you meant.
Have you ever lost your temper and exploded emotionally (raising your voice, screaming, crying)? What brought it on?
Raising voice, not really. I get a more controlled voice when I'm mad. Crying, yes, if I'm really, really mad at someone I tend to break down and cry which is extremely irritating when you'd
rather be yelling or hitting something! I think a lot of us girls cry sometimes when we're mad, though. The last time I actually lost my temper was because after a long series of stressful events over a period of weeks, someone promised me they'd do something very important to me, they did not, and I found this out when I was hungry and tired. I admit I actually stomped and slammed a door. Not proud of it, but oh well. To me explosions of emotion are pretty scary and I try to control myself well enough not to let it get to that point. It takes a lot to get me mad and I can't think of very many instances in the last few years that came close to exploding.