Nah, that's just Artisan optimism.
Hmm... it could be that too, I guess.
All of them, of course!
It's far easier to do those things than to explain them, but I'll try.
A. The various ways a situation might go.
I should note that this one could be Ni or Ne... it's just an N thing.
Imagine that you're an overworked bank teller. Everything is going normally, you're taking deposits and offering withdrawals to customers, dealing with complaints, and you're looking forward to your overtime pay and Christmas bonuses. Then, all of a sudden, this guy comes in waving a gun. Now, instantly, your mind flashes through several possible ways the situation might go:
1. He shoots you the moment you move, because he sees it as threatening.
2. He assumes you're moving to get the money for him, and ignores you.
Since scenario 1 is quite likely, you freeze up and put up your hands to minimize the chances that you'll be shot. The guy walks up to you with a bag and says, "Money in the bag, NOW!" At this point, more possibilities flash through your mind:
1. He shoots you because you refuse to give him the money.
2. You give him the money and he leaves you alone.
3. He waits until you give him the money, and then shoots you to make sure you don't try anything.
Obviously you don't want to do 1, but you don't want to count on 2. Thus, you prepare for 3. You go to get the money, and press the silent alarm nearby. As you approach the guy holding the gun, you hesitate for just a few seconds... and in that time, some bank security wielding guns come out of a room in the back. Thinking quickly, the bandit takes you as his hostage while their guns are trained on him. More options:
1. You try to escape from him and he shoots you (but if he does so, he'll be taken down immediately).
2. You standby and wait, and hope they can talk him down (but you notice he's becoming increasingly desperate/agitated and you're afraid he'll shoot you the moment the police try something).
Thus, on a hunch, you try #1 at a moment when his grip is loosened because he's gesticulating, and manage to knock the gun out of his hand. The bank security grabs it and him in the blink of an eye, and he goes off to jail.
There, that's an example of how Ni might perceive the various ways a situation can go. Not all the situations are lousy B-movie plots

, but hopefully you get the picture.
B. Comparing things across contexts.
There are tons of examples I can give, and none of the best ones are coming to mind right now.
Here are the ones I can give, though:
Good manners are the emotional equivalent of wearing a nice suit.
Clocks are to time, what measuring tapes are to space.
Appointments are to time, what an X on a map is to space.
That was all I could think of at the moment. Hopefully you got it, even though it wasn't that good.
C. Building up elaborate fantasy scenarios.
Okay, look at my response to "A."

That one was ripped from somewhere, but I can do better.
I'm imagining a castle. The drawbridge is closed, and there's a moat around it. It's around sunset. I'm looking at the large bricks and admiring the quality of the masonry, wondering how they ever got those things on top of each other. I take a second look at the drawbridge, and notice it's made of metal. I think to myself, "A shame, really. They lost the original and couldn't find anything better to replace it with."
While I'm standing on the road in front of the castle, I happen to notice a frog. It startles me, and I kick some dirt towards it, frightening it away. Just then, the drawbridge lowers. I contemplate walking inside, but I decide not to. After all, I don't really know the people inside. Instead, I walk off down the road... and it gets dark. Just as I'm wondering when the road ends, I suddenly feel myself falling. I look up, and realize I just walked off the edge of the world, and I'm going to fall, forever.
Well, that was a weird Ni fantasy scenario. Not one of my best, but it was one.
D. Seeing how a central idea links seemingly disparate things
This one is easy.
A lock. An army. Encryption. A savings account. What do they all have in common? Security. They're all oriented around the central idea of security.
Reading a book. Watching someone do something. Asking people questions. Experimenting with something. Learning. They're all oriented around the central idea of learning.
E. Giving you a goal, "what if," etc.
I'll pass on this one. I'm really not in the mood to articulate this one, as it's very involved and personal. Most of it just gets condensed into a single judgment (which is all that's expressed), and what's behind it is hard to see. But believe me, it's there.
It might be easier if you named a specific goal you want to work towards. It's hard for me to just arbitrarily name and and illustrate this process, because it doesn't really work unless it's a real goal, or at least is defined by someone else.
F. Imagining if something were different.
Present: Okay, I'm imagining my coffee table... with no cokes or junk on it. It would be easier to find places to put things if that were the case. But, I'm too lazy to move them, so it will just remain a fantasy. Oh, well.
Past: I remember that one time, a kid took my pencil while I was doing schoolwork. When he did this, I simply took out another pencil and continued working. He started calling me, "The Machine." It's probable that if I had instead whined that he was being mean, and begged for my pencil back, he wouldn't have called me, "The Machine."
Future: If they stopped selling cola next week, I would have to deal with caffeine withdrawal.