The now departed Sunak's plan in the UK to ship these fake asylum claimants to Rwanda was brilliant. The small percentage of true asylum seekers probably wouldn't be happy, but they would accept to go there for safety. The other 95% (or more) would have been screaming bloody murder as there are neither jobs nor generous social programs in Rwanda. A few years of this approach would have made all the migrants redirect to soft jurisdictions and solved the UK's problem. It's a shame we'll never see it come to fruition.
There is a reason that plan was abandoned.
I get that you do not particularly care about the human suffering it would have caused but there are national and international laws as well as practical aspects to be considered as well. Sunak's plan was for everybody arriving in the UK without documents to be flown to Rwanda. People were to then claim asylum there. The UK already paid and was to pay Rwanda hundreds of millions of pounds for them to host them.
Let's look at a little more data first to know what we are talking about.
Asylum seekers and refugees made up 11% of all immigration to the UK last year. The share was usually lower during the last two decades. The main countries of origin for people claiming asylum in the UK are currently
Albania, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Vietnam, India and Bangladesh. Is there poverty in those countries? Sure. But most of them also have abysmal human rights records. So people from these countries tend to have a legal case for subsidiary protection.
Looked at as a share of the total population, refugees currently make up
less than 0.5% of the UK population.
I am not sure what numbers your claim about the overwhelming majority if cases being fraudulent is based on but the official government numbers I could find state that
33% of all cases were rejected in 2023.
The year before that 24% of asylum applications were rejected. So in recent times between 2/3 and 3/4 of cases were deemed legitimate. There once was a time when 88% were rejected, which might be what you were referring to, but that was twenty years ago. Those whose application was refused have a legal right to appeal the decision - which about 3/4 of them do, a persistent number over time. And about
one out of two appeals in the UK is successful.
Looking at absolute numbers:
As of June 2023, the total ‘work in progress’ asylum caseload consisted of 215,500 cases. Of these, 138,000 cases were awaiting an initial decision, 5,100 were awaiting the outcome of an appeal, and approximately 41,200 cases were subject to removal action. (
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/sn01403/).
Here's a good summary of the overall UK data on refugees:
https://www.gov.uk/government/stati...023/how-many-people-do-we-grant-protection-to
There were
67,337 asylum applications (relating to 84,425 people) in the UK in 2023. The UK has roughly
67 million inhabitants.
In Germany that same year 351.915 asylum applications were filed. Germany has roughly
83 million inhabitants.
For our American readers:
45.888 asylum applications were filed in the USA in 2019, the highest number in decades, it fell again after that
. The US has about
333 million inhabitants.
In other words:
asylum applicants per 10.000 inhabitants in the UK: 13
asylum applicants per 10.000 inhabitants in the EU (average): 23
asylum applicants per 10.000 inhabitants in Germany: 39
asylum applicants per 10.000 inhabitants in the US: 1.3
Now, I anticipate you saying that those 138.000 cases awaiting decision in the UK should be sped up in the joint interest of both the applicants and society at large. I mostly agree. We have similar problems here in Germany. The administration here tends to be understaffed and it can take months to renew a passport or a drivers license. But that would mean either hiring more administrative staff (higher taxes!) or simply abolishing people's right to due process. However, faster processing tends to mean more mistakes being made and more decisions being overturned by the courts. Those appeals mean even more administrative work and even longer waiting times before applicants can be fully allowed into society, working and studying the language.
You mentioned economic migration (as opposed to political persecution). You are right in that most asylum seekers aren't personally persecuted in their home country as individuals as would be the case for journalists, artists or political activists. But quite a few belong to ethnic, religious or sexual minorities that are persecuted in their home country. And where there is poverty there is usually also violence and oppression and most of the countries listed above have dire human rights records. And of course there is war. That's why subsidiary protection exists in Europe.
Now lets look at the larger picture.
According to the UNHCR
at the end of 2023, an estimated 117.3 million people worldwide were forcibly displaced due to persecution, conflict, violence, human rights violations and events seriously disturbing the public order. Based on operational data, UNHCR estimates that forced displacement has continued to increase in the first four months of 2024 and
by the end of April 2024 is likely to have exceeded 120 million. That is
one in every 69 human beings on this planet.
Where do these 117.3 million displaced people go? The
majority (67 million) are internally displaced persons (IDP) fleeing to other regions within their country, but
32.6 million people are refugees under the UNHCR mandate (not including asylum-seekers and Palestinians who both have their own statistical category). Of those externally displaced people
75% end up being hosted by low- and middle-income countries. Only one in four refugees worldwide seeks refuge in a first world country ().
The peak in forcibly displaced persons over the last few years mirrors the peak in conflict-related fatalities (
https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends you'll have to scroll down a little to find the graphs).
So now that we have some background on how many refugees there are worldwide, in Europe and the UK, where they are from and what their chances of actually getting asylum are let us come back to Sunak's Rwanda plan.
The legal aspect
The plan hinges on the Sunak administration simply declaring Rwanda a "safe third country". Not only human rights organizations and lots of foreign governments but, arguably more relevant a the legal sense, also the
UK Supreme Court has said that this is not the case.
Rwanda, one of the poorest, least developed and most densely populated countries in the world, is a one-party authoritarian dictatorship under president Paul Kagame. There are numerous reports of extrajudicial killings and torture. If you want to have a read:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/location...he-horn-and-great-lakes/rwanda/report-rwanda/
The Sunak administration even considered dropping out of the
European Convention on Human Rights to avoid the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (which, for our North American readers, is a Council of Europe thing, not an EU thing, of which the UK is still a member). But even if they gave up on European human rights standards there is still the
United Nations' 1951 Refugee Convention. If the UK wants to violate refugee rights at a major scale (or, more positively phrased: if they want to throw off the shackles of international law, "take back control" and be independent from international agreements in their decisions on asylum processes) they'd basically have to retire from the civilised world.
But let's assume for a moment that the UK really was flooded with refugees and that sending them to Rwanda wasn't against national, European and international law.
The financial aspect
Migrants in general are
net contributors to the UK economy and budget (
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/economics/about-department/fiscal-effects-immigration-uk). They pay in more than they take out of the system and also tend to be more educated than "native" Brits. Newly arrived refugees however often costs money before they can start working and contributing to the economy. In 2023 the UK spent a total of almost
£4.3 billion on feeding and housing recently arrived asylum applicants. That's for the entire 84.425 applicants ---> that's
50.933 pounds per person.
These 4.3 billion pounds are part of the UK's development aid budget which itself makes up 0.7% of the total budget. For comparison, the total annual budget of the UK is £1,139.1 billion. So the UK spends
£4.3 out of £1,139.1 billion on refugees, that's
0.38 % of the national budget.
By the end of 2023 the Rwanda scheme had already cost the UK tax payer £240m (a total of £370m over five years has been pledged). However, the Rwanda deal includes several further payments:
A “five-year processing and integration package” for each relocated person, which covers accommodation, essential items such as food, medical services, education and other integration programmes has also been agreed, the report said. This will cost up to £150,874 for each deported person.
The figures mean that if the UK sends 300 people to Rwanda, it will cost the taxpayer £490m under the partnership; an extra £6m in individual payments; plus £45m for processing and operational costs over five years. The total costs would be £541m, which works out as £1.8m per asylum seeker.
https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/01/rwanda-plan-uk-asylum-seeker-cost-figures
Granted, the latter number is a ficticious example, but given that so far the UK hasn't deported people but has already started paying and that these people have a right to appeal and sue in front of national and international courts with a high chance of success the number of people actually deported longterm would likely be minimal.
Now, 150.874 pounds for five years is cheaper than 50.933 pounds per year, I hear you say (30.175 pounds per annum vs 50.933 pounds per annum). But is a
saving of 20.758 pounds per person per year worth breaking international law and potentially setting people up for abuse, torture and murder? Oh, and while the 50.933 pounds go to British businesses (housing, food, etc) the 30.175 pounds would go to, well, Rwanda. And according to international regulations money spend on refugees internally (for, say, housing them in Dover) can be
counted towards a country's ODA quota (i.e. development aid). So with every pound the UK spends on refugees in their own country they not only support their own economy, they also effectively reduce their developement aid spending. Even if refugees should send a part of the welfare received into their home country (and they don't get much money in the UK to begin with, the current cash allowance is
£49.18 per week --> 2,557.36 pounds a year), every pound sent to Rwanda is a pound lost to the UK.
Safety
That leaves us with the only remaining talking point I can think of off the top of my head: that breaching the law and spending all that money is worth it to keep dangerous people out of the UK. Well...
As at 31 December 2023, there were 10,423 foreign nationals in prison.
[1] This was
12% of the total prison population of 87,489. The most common nationalities after British nationals in prisons were Albanian (13% of the FNO prison population), Polish (9%), Romanian (7%), Irish (6%) and Jamaican (4%).
https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/...jEyzQy9LV5JHVkTnepwMk-1724410005-0.0.1.1-5674
(Note how the nationalities listed here - with the exception of Albania - are not the typical countries of origin of refugees).
16% of the UK population have been born abroad, so 12% foreign nationals in UK prisons suggests a below-average criminality for foreign nationals and no significant role whatsoever of refugees.
I probably forgot something but those seem to be the main issues that keep coming up in debates on this issue.