SHELDON’S METHOD OF SOMATOTYPING
The method of somatotyping I prefer is based on the work of William Sheldon. Sheldon knew about the efforts of others, but chose to start from scratch to develop his method. Rather than imposing vague concepts gleaned from a small population of patients or acquaintances, Sheldon wanted to build on a foundation consisting of a large number of subjects. The initial population in his research consisted of 4,000 college students. He took photographs of each student from the front, side, and back. Special care was taken to control the type of camera, lighting, lens, and camera distance to avoid distortion.
Example of somatotype poses showing front, side, and back views.
Keep in mind Sheldon’s goal was not to impose his ideas on the data, but to let the data speak for itself. To this end he sorted out the photographs into whatever extremes became evident. He settled on three extreme types. Simply stated, the three extremes are described as being - Fat/Round - Muscular/Square - Thin/Linear. This schema was illustrated as a triangle of extremes with a coming together of the extremes into a balanced center. This is how Sheldon describes the process in his book, “The Varieties of Human Physiqueâ€:
WHAT IS A SOMATOTYPE?
Somatotype is the word used by the famous psychologist William Sheldon to describe a body-type using his method of classifying the human physique. Although many researchers have attempted to develop an objective method of classifying the human physique, Sheldon stands out as the pivotal researcher in this field.
NAMING THE EXTREMES
Sheldon’s inclination to search out biological roots led him to make an association between the three tissue layers in the development of mammalian embryos with the dimensions he found in the photographs. The three layers are called the endoderm (innermost layer), the mesoderm (middle layer), and the ectoderm (outermost layer). The endoderm forms into the lining of the stomach, intestines, and other internal organs. The mesoderm is the tissue from which muscle and bone emerge. The ectoderm forms skin, nerves, and brain. Sheldon felt it would be appropriate to name the various body-type dimensions after the tissue layers that were most significantly connected with their dominant features. Endomorphs appear gut dominant. Mesomorphs are muscular. Ectomorphs are highly invested in nervous and cerebral features.
Embryologists and other specialists naturally take issue with this seemingly simplistic concept. Yes, humans are a complex integration of tissues, making it difficult to form sharp lines between where cells finally differentiate and migrate. However, on a general level, Sheldon’s associations best describe the characteristics of the various body-types. In fact, to Sheldon’s credit, his labels for the body-types remain in use today. Wherever somatotypes are discussed, the words “endomorphâ€, “mesomorphâ€, and “ectomorph†are likely to be the terms that are used. Even those who have created competing systems of somatotyping use these three terms.
PUTTING NUMBERS TO THE NAMES
Working with somatotypes over time, Sheldon became so sensitive to the subtleties that it enabled him to expand this to a 13 point scale. 1, 1½, 2, 2½,3,3½... The final form for expressing a somatotype numerically is with three numbers, where the left number represents the degree of endomorphy, the middle number indicates the degree of mesomorphy, and the final or right number represents the degree of ectomorphy. An extreme endomorph is represented as a 7-1-1. An extreme mesomorph is represented as 1-7-1. And finally the numbers 1-1-7 represent an extreme ectomorph. A 4-4-4 would be a balanced somatotype with each of the three components being equally represented.
CHARTING SOMATOTYPES
Another part of Sheldon’s work that persists is his chart of somatotypes. It is an attempt to aid in the visualization of the relationships between the various somatotypes. A tetrahedron would be the ideal way to view the relationships, but this is a serious challenge for the average person’s spatial abilities. Instead, he flattens it out into a curvilinear triangle. The figure below is how this is typically illustrated.
MAKING SOMATOTYPING OBJECTIVE
Originally, somatotyping could best be described as an art, skill, or technique that you had to “get good at.†This was discouraging to researchers. It was hard enough to put together an experiment that required nude photographs of the subjects, let alone dealing with the long learning-curve to be able to make accurate assessments. Science is about replicating experiments and verifying the evidence collected. Since Sheldon and some of his close associates were the only ones skilled in these techniques, it is easy to see the danger of a conflict of interests. A somatotype that required interpretation might be weighted in favor of the desired experimental results.
Sheldon was not ignorant of the need to make somatotyping completely objective. Throughout his career he experimented with various direct physical measurements of a subject in addition to the photographs. Finally, around 1968, he published a paper answering criticisms of his methods. The key to objectifying the somatotyping process is the Trunk Index, which is the ratio of the upper and lower torso areas. This measurement remains very constant throughout a person’s adult life, even with weight gain or loss. Once you know a person’s Trunk Index, height, weight, and age it is possible to determine which of nearly 1,800 possible somatotypes is a match.
OTHER METHODS
There is no exclusivity to the term “somatotype.†You could measure the human physique in any conceivable manner and decide to call it a somatotype. The most popular method used today is one developed by Barbara Honeyman Heath, a former associate of William Sheldon. The main difference between the Heath-Carter method and Sheldon’s has to do with a philosophical perspective about somatotypes. Sheldon believed the somatotype is relatively constant throughout an adult’s life. This view fit into Sheldon’s intent of determining a causal relationship between somatotype and temperament or personality. Conversely, the Heath-Carter method abandons that idea, preferring instead to describe the somatotype as a structure that can have wide variation over time. I prefer to use Sheldon’s method because in addition to describing a person’s physical tendencies (athletics, health, and weight), it also encompasses mental characteristics (temperament and personality).
A FOURTH EXTREME
When assessing somatotype, I have added a fourth index to the standard three. The additional index expresses the degree of balance between the three systems. When you look at the chart of somatotypes, it is clear that in addition to a somatotypes location with reference to the three extremes (corners of the triangle), you also become aware of a somatotype’s location with reference to the center. This is the key to harmonizing Sheldon’s work with the many temperament theories based on four factors. I will address this later.
The method of somatotyping I prefer is based on the work of William Sheldon. Sheldon knew about the efforts of others, but chose to start from scratch to develop his method. Rather than imposing vague concepts gleaned from a small population of patients or acquaintances, Sheldon wanted to build on a foundation consisting of a large number of subjects. The initial population in his research consisted of 4,000 college students. He took photographs of each student from the front, side, and back. Special care was taken to control the type of camera, lighting, lens, and camera distance to avoid distortion.
Example of somatotype poses showing front, side, and back views.
Keep in mind Sheldon’s goal was not to impose his ideas on the data, but to let the data speak for itself. To this end he sorted out the photographs into whatever extremes became evident. He settled on three extreme types. Simply stated, the three extremes are described as being - Fat/Round - Muscular/Square - Thin/Linear. This schema was illustrated as a triangle of extremes with a coming together of the extremes into a balanced center. This is how Sheldon describes the process in his book, “The Varieties of Human Physiqueâ€:
WHAT IS A SOMATOTYPE?
Somatotype is the word used by the famous psychologist William Sheldon to describe a body-type using his method of classifying the human physique. Although many researchers have attempted to develop an objective method of classifying the human physique, Sheldon stands out as the pivotal researcher in this field.
NAMING THE EXTREMES
Sheldon’s inclination to search out biological roots led him to make an association between the three tissue layers in the development of mammalian embryos with the dimensions he found in the photographs. The three layers are called the endoderm (innermost layer), the mesoderm (middle layer), and the ectoderm (outermost layer). The endoderm forms into the lining of the stomach, intestines, and other internal organs. The mesoderm is the tissue from which muscle and bone emerge. The ectoderm forms skin, nerves, and brain. Sheldon felt it would be appropriate to name the various body-type dimensions after the tissue layers that were most significantly connected with their dominant features. Endomorphs appear gut dominant. Mesomorphs are muscular. Ectomorphs are highly invested in nervous and cerebral features.
Embryologists and other specialists naturally take issue with this seemingly simplistic concept. Yes, humans are a complex integration of tissues, making it difficult to form sharp lines between where cells finally differentiate and migrate. However, on a general level, Sheldon’s associations best describe the characteristics of the various body-types. In fact, to Sheldon’s credit, his labels for the body-types remain in use today. Wherever somatotypes are discussed, the words “endomorphâ€, “mesomorphâ€, and “ectomorph†are likely to be the terms that are used. Even those who have created competing systems of somatotyping use these three terms.
PUTTING NUMBERS TO THE NAMES
- 7. Very High
- 6. High
- 5. Moderately High
- 4. Average
- 3. Moderately Low
- 2. Low
- 1. Very low
Working with somatotypes over time, Sheldon became so sensitive to the subtleties that it enabled him to expand this to a 13 point scale. 1, 1½, 2, 2½,3,3½... The final form for expressing a somatotype numerically is with three numbers, where the left number represents the degree of endomorphy, the middle number indicates the degree of mesomorphy, and the final or right number represents the degree of ectomorphy. An extreme endomorph is represented as a 7-1-1. An extreme mesomorph is represented as 1-7-1. And finally the numbers 1-1-7 represent an extreme ectomorph. A 4-4-4 would be a balanced somatotype with each of the three components being equally represented.
CHARTING SOMATOTYPES
Another part of Sheldon’s work that persists is his chart of somatotypes. It is an attempt to aid in the visualization of the relationships between the various somatotypes. A tetrahedron would be the ideal way to view the relationships, but this is a serious challenge for the average person’s spatial abilities. Instead, he flattens it out into a curvilinear triangle. The figure below is how this is typically illustrated.
MAKING SOMATOTYPING OBJECTIVE
Originally, somatotyping could best be described as an art, skill, or technique that you had to “get good at.†This was discouraging to researchers. It was hard enough to put together an experiment that required nude photographs of the subjects, let alone dealing with the long learning-curve to be able to make accurate assessments. Science is about replicating experiments and verifying the evidence collected. Since Sheldon and some of his close associates were the only ones skilled in these techniques, it is easy to see the danger of a conflict of interests. A somatotype that required interpretation might be weighted in favor of the desired experimental results.
Sheldon was not ignorant of the need to make somatotyping completely objective. Throughout his career he experimented with various direct physical measurements of a subject in addition to the photographs. Finally, around 1968, he published a paper answering criticisms of his methods. The key to objectifying the somatotyping process is the Trunk Index, which is the ratio of the upper and lower torso areas. This measurement remains very constant throughout a person’s adult life, even with weight gain or loss. Once you know a person’s Trunk Index, height, weight, and age it is possible to determine which of nearly 1,800 possible somatotypes is a match.
OTHER METHODS
There is no exclusivity to the term “somatotype.†You could measure the human physique in any conceivable manner and decide to call it a somatotype. The most popular method used today is one developed by Barbara Honeyman Heath, a former associate of William Sheldon. The main difference between the Heath-Carter method and Sheldon’s has to do with a philosophical perspective about somatotypes. Sheldon believed the somatotype is relatively constant throughout an adult’s life. This view fit into Sheldon’s intent of determining a causal relationship between somatotype and temperament or personality. Conversely, the Heath-Carter method abandons that idea, preferring instead to describe the somatotype as a structure that can have wide variation over time. I prefer to use Sheldon’s method because in addition to describing a person’s physical tendencies (athletics, health, and weight), it also encompasses mental characteristics (temperament and personality).
A FOURTH EXTREME
When assessing somatotype, I have added a fourth index to the standard three. The additional index expresses the degree of balance between the three systems. When you look at the chart of somatotypes, it is clear that in addition to a somatotypes location with reference to the three extremes (corners of the triangle), you also become aware of a somatotype’s location with reference to the center. This is the key to harmonizing Sheldon’s work with the many temperament theories based on four factors. I will address this later.
