I can see where you get INTP from, but I'm pretty sure you use Te-Fi over Ti-Fe. I think it is most probable (at least from what I'm getting from this) that you are an ISTJ type 9 (95x), or at least an ISTJ with a significant 9 fix. I don't always like combining theories when doing typing like this, but in this case I think it will be helpful to do so. It would explain your deviance from typical descriptors of SJ types (If I am right about you being an SJ type, which I may not be).
As I mentioned before, typical ISTJ descriptions are based off the more common 1 fix, since type 1 aligns with Te typically. Te heavy ISTJs (1 fix) will be focused on rationality, self control, and their beliefs, which can in turn make them appear more rigid in their ideas and less accepting of other perspectives. This is your typical workaholic, competency oriented and organized ISTJ. An ISTJ with a 9 fix, however, will be more Si heavy (comfort oriented). ISTJ type 9 will be more relaxed in nature, and has a tendency towards laziness rather than competency/organization. Being less rigid than a type one, they will be more open minded when it comes to perspectives and more focused on accommodation. They may also be significantly less assertive. Combined with a 5 fix, this would create a "thinker" mentality, one who is curious, predictive, and seeking knowledge. 9 is most common among IP types, but also not rare among SJ types, but because it is less prominent, would be less commonly included in descriptions of SJ types.
I could be completely off though, as there were a couple of things here that reminded me of me, and I am a NP who originally typed as an SJ type. I'd be curious to see what other's perspectives are on this. Anyways, this is what I got from what you added:
1.) I like to have the fundamentals down when learning something new. A bad foundation only gets more noticeable over time.
Strikes me as pi dom (Si/Ni)
2.) I often ask myself 'Why'? or "How?"
Need more context to decide on which cognitive function is used here, but this is typically attributed to high Ne or high T.
3.) Over the past few years I've learned that myself, and people in general, are very susceptible to being very logically inconsistent. So I put more time into things like sciences where those topics at hand have been tested and verified so many times, that they seem more trustworthy.
Your phrasing here is very typical of TJ types in general. The second sounds like Si-Te dynamics, trusted, proven and outside (objective) data.
4.) I am not very organized in my opinion, certainly more than some people I know, but I would be called messy by certain friends and family.
You don't lead with Te then I guess. Your either Pi dom with currently developing je functions or a perciever.
5.) More of a "play, then work" person. Once I get going it's hard for me to stop.
Not typical of TJ types, but typical of type 9s.
6.) When stressed, I tend to point the finger at myself first for a problem(even if I have nothing to do with it) and I can get very angry because of it. I become very impatient just wanting to im I also can completely shutdown and remove myself from other people for feeling so inadequate, since I feel that I am just disappointing everyone and being a nuisance to them.
Very typical of Fi users. Also sounds type 9.
7.) Politcally, I am very left wing by US standards. Ideally, everyone should be treated equally until proven otherwise and have equal opportunities. In practice the world of politics is dirty and sometimes you have to set aside your ideals for the greater good. It is admirable to have something to fight for, but fighting over who is more 'pure' is stupid ,quite frankly, a waste of time, and get us nowhere.
If you use Fi it isn't that high in your stack, although admittedly this is more of a common belief for Fe users. While political left leaning is more prominent among N types, it isn't that uncommon among S types.