Orangey
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The rest of the quote goes on to say, "...But all nature cries aloud that He does exist."
Voltaire had quite a way with rhetoric. Here he is just being dramatic about his theism in addressing some anti-God pamphlet he must have read.
The quoted part about nature probably refers to St. Thomas Aquinas' fifth proof of the existence of God.
http://www.saintaquinas.com/belief_in_God.html
"Thomas Aquinas says that the order of nature presupposes a higher plan in creation. The laws governing the universe presuppose a universal legislature who authored the order of the universe. We cannot say that chance creates order in the universe. If you drop a cup on the floor it shatters into bits and has become disordered. But if you were to drop bits of the cup, they would not assemble together into a cup. This is an example of the inherent disorder prevalent in the universe when things are left to chance. The existence of order and natural laws presupposes a divine intelligence who authored the universe into being."
He used the whole "if God did not exist..." thing several times. The time you mentioned was in a letter to the King of Prussia in 1770, but the first time he ever used it was in a poem called "Epistle to the Author of the Book the Three Imposters" (the Three Imposters being a reference to some atheist literature that he came across) in 1768. The whole thing goes like this:
This sublime system is necessary to man.
It is the sacred tie that binds society,
The first foundation of holy equity,
The bridle to the wicked, the hope of the just.
If the heavens, stripped of this noble imprint,
Could ever cease to attest to his being,
If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.
Let the wise man announce him and kings fear him.