Eating right always has psychological benefits. If you're fueling your body right, it's going to work better. It probably helps balance brain chemicals, and even if it doesn't you'll still feel better physically which usually helps you feel better psychologically and gives you the energy to be more active, which again will go back to balancing brain chemicals and better self esteem.
Grains are the best food to starting the metabolism and provide energy throughout the day. So cereals and toast are good. This also translates to donuts and pastries, but the sugar and whatnot kind of nixes the effect. Milk is actually hard for the body to break down, but just goes well with cereal I guess and dairy is one of the things you need to be healthy, just bad for losing weight. Fruits and veggies give the healthy sugars for quick energy. Eggs and meats are good for protein, but high in fat and cholesterol, so again, they're fine for maintaining a healthy diet, but not good for weight loss! Fruits and veggies also give protein, so you're better to stick with that. Potatoes are starch. It's probably better to save those for lunch once your metabolism's really working.
In other words, yes, there is universal benefit in what foods are chosen, but culture influences which types and how they are prepared. A cheeseburger is just generally unhealthy, so it would definitely be a bad choice for breakfast. But I guess it wouldn't be that different from sausage and toast.